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UBUNTU-CVE-2023-52578 High

UBUNTU-CVE-2023-52578

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: bridge: use DEV_STATS_INC() syzbot/KCSAN reported data-races in br_handle_frame_finish() [1] This function can run from multiple cpus without mutual exclusion. Adopt SMP safe DEV_STATS_INC() to update dev->stats fields. Handles updates to dev->stats.tx_dropped while we are at it. [1] BUG: KCSAN: data-race in br_handle_frame_finish / br_handle_frame_finish read-write to 0xffff8881374b2178 of 8 bytes by interrupt on cpu 1: br_handle_frame_finish+0xd4f/0xef0 net/bridge/br_input.c:189 br_nf_hook_thresh+0x1ed/0x220 br_nf_pre_routing_finish_ipv6+0x50f/0x540 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:304 [inline] br_nf_pre_routing_ipv6+0x1e3/0x2a0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_ipv6.c:178 br_nf_pre_routing+0x526/0xba0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_hooks.c:508 nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:144 [inline] nf_hook_bridge_pre net/bridge/br_input.c:272 [inline] br_handle_frame+0x4c9/0x940 net/bridge/br_input.c:417 __netif_receive_skb_core+0xa8a/0x21e0 net/core/dev.c:5417 __netif_receive_skb_one_core net/core/dev.c:5521 [inline] __netif_receive_skb+0x57/0x1b0 net/core/dev.c:5637 process_backlog+0x21f/0x380 net/core/dev.c:5965 __napi_poll+0x60/0x3b0 net/core/dev.c:6527 napi_poll net/core/dev.c:6594 [inline] net_rx_action+0x32b/0x750 net/core/dev.c:6727 __do_softirq+0xc1/0x265 kernel/softirq.c:553 run_ksoftirqd+0x17/0x20 kernel/softirq.c:921 smpboot_thread_fn+0x30a/0x4a0 kernel/smpboot.c:164 kthread+0x1d7/0x210 kernel/kthread.c:388 ret_from_fork+0x48/0x60 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x11/0x20 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:304 read-write to 0xffff8881374b2178 of 8 bytes by interrupt on cpu 0: br_handle_frame_finish+0xd4f/0xef0 net/bridge/br_input.c:189 br_nf_hook_thresh+0x1ed/0x220 br_nf_pre_routing_finish_ipv6+0x50f/0x540 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:304 [inline] br_nf_pre_routing_ipv6+0x1e3/0x2a0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_ipv6.c:178 br_nf_pre_routing+0x526/0xba0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_hooks.c:508 nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:144 [inline] nf_hook_bridge_pre net/bridge/br_input.c:272 [inline] br_handle_frame+0x4c9/0x940 net/bridge/br_input.c:417 __netif_receive_skb_core+0xa8a/0x21e0 net/core/dev.c:5417 __netif_receive_skb_one_core net/core/dev.c:5521 [inline] __netif_receive_skb+0x57/0x1b0 net/core/dev.c:5637 process_backlog+0x21f/0x380 net/core/dev.c:5965 __napi_poll+0x60/0x3b0 net/core/dev.c:6527 napi_poll net/core/dev.c:6594 [inline] net_rx_action+0x32b/0x750 net/core/dev.c:6727 __do_softirq+0xc1/0x265 kernel/softirq.c:553 do_softirq+0x5e/0x90 kernel/softirq.c:454 __local_bh_enable_ip+0x64/0x70 kernel/softirq.c:381 __raw_spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:167 [inline] _raw_spin_unlock_bh+0x36/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:210 spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock.h:396 [inline] batadv_tt_local_purge+0x1a8/0x1f0 net/batman-adv/translation-table.c:1356 batadv_tt_purge+0x2b/0x630 net/batman-adv/translation-table.c:3560 process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:2630 [inline] process_scheduled_works+0x5b8/0xa30 kernel/workqueue.c:2703 worker_thread+0x525/0x730 kernel/workqueue.c:2784 kthread+0x1d7/0x210 kernel/kthread.c:388 ret_from_fork+0x48/0x60 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x11/0x20 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:304 value changed: 0x00000000000d7190 -> 0x00000000000d7191 Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on: CPU: 0 PID: 14848 Comm: kworker/u4:11 Not tainted 6.6.0-rc1-syzkaller-00236-gad8a69f361b9 #0

Exploit probability Not scored
Published March 2, 2024
Required by Not available
Last source change August 18, 2026

02 / AFFECTED SOFTWARE

Affected packages

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg-5.15

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-ibm

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oem

50 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.0

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.5

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-raspi2

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gkeop

30 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-fips

52 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure

41 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15

30 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gke

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux

191 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-raspi

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-kvm

78 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

66 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.14

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke-5.15

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-oracle

97 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

24 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.4

80 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:16.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-kvm

102 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-raspi-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.8

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.8

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.13

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.0

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.15

28 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-intel-5.13

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.4

69 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp

83 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux

91 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure

80 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-igx

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux

168 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-aws

101 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iot-realtime

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-iot

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.10

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.6

29 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.4

72 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.3

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency

41 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-raspi-5.4

67 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws

40 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws

83 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-4.15

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.3

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-aws-hwe

95 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:24.04:LTS linux-bluefield

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-gcp

118 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.8

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.2

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle

82 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:16.04:LTS linux-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.15

30 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia

22 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-kvm

111 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux

131 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-5.17

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.2

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-aws

118 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.4

41 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.0

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-kvm

41 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.15

31 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-5.19

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-4.15

72 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-ibm

48 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-azure-4.15

71 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.1

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:22.04:LTS linux-bluefield

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-fips

75 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.8

5 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.4

71 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

36 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

73 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.15

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.8

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.4

70 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.3

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-6.2

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.15

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.15

31 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.3

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.15

31 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.19

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-lts-xenial

145 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.2

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.15

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:16.04:LTS linux-fips

78 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-bluefield

42 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-azure

122 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-azure

101 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

36 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-oracle

94 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe

43 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-aws

125 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-hwe

145 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-allwinner-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.2

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-raspi

71 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-edge

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop

60 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.5

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

48 explicit affected versions

03 / CONNECTIONS

Connected vulnerabilities

04 / EVIDENCE

Source records

Open Source Vulnerabilities UBUNTU-CVE-2023-52578

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: bridge: use DEV_STATS_INC() syzbot/KCSAN reported data-races in br_handle_frame_finish() [1] This function can run from multiple cpus without mutual exclusion. Adopt SMP safe DEV_STATS_INC() to update dev->stats fields. Handles updates to dev->stats.tx_dropped while we are at it. [1] BUG: KCSAN: data-race in br_handle_frame_finish / br_handle_frame_finish read-write to 0xffff8881374b2178 of 8 bytes by interrupt on cpu 1: br_handle_frame_finish+0xd4f/0xef0 net/bridge/br_input.c:189 br_nf_hook_thresh+0x1ed/0x220 br_nf_pre_routing_finish_ipv6+0x50f/0x540 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:304 [inline] br_nf_pre_routing_ipv6+0x1e3/0x2a0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_ipv6.c:178 br_nf_pre_routing+0x526/0xba0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_hooks.c:508 nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:144 [inline] nf_hook_bridge_pre net/bridge/br_input.c:272 [inline] br_handle_frame+0x4c9/0x940 net/bridge/br_input.c:417 __netif_receive_skb_core+0xa8a/0x21e0 net/core/dev.c:5417 __netif_receive_skb_one_core net/core/dev.c:5521 [inline] __netif_receive_skb+0x57/0x1b0 net/core/dev.c:5637 process_backlog+0x21f/0x380 net/core/dev.c:5965 __napi_poll+0x60/0x3b0 net/core/dev.c:6527 napi_poll net/core/dev.c:6594 [inline] net_rx_action+0x32b/0x750 net/core/dev.c:6727 __do_softirq+0xc1/0x265 kernel/softirq.c:553 run_ksoftirqd+0x17/0x20 kernel/softirq.c:921 smpboot_thread_fn+0x30a/0x4a0 kernel/smpboot.c:164 kthread+0x1d7/0x210 kernel/kthread.c:388 ret_from_fork+0x48/0x60 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x11/0x20 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:304 read-write to 0xffff8881374b2178 of 8 bytes by interrupt on cpu 0: br_handle_frame_finish+0xd4f/0xef0 net/bridge/br_input.c:189 br_nf_hook_thresh+0x1ed/0x220 br_nf_pre_routing_finish_ipv6+0x50f/0x540 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:304 [inline] br_nf_pre_routing_ipv6+0x1e3/0x2a0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_ipv6.c:178 br_nf_pre_routing+0x526/0xba0 net/bridge/br_netfilter_hooks.c:508 nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:144 [inline] nf_hook_bridge_pre net/bridge/br_input.c:272 [inline] br_handle_frame+0x4c9/0x940 net/bridge/br_input.c:417 __netif_receive_skb_core+0xa8a/0x21e0 net/core/dev.c:5417 __netif_receive_skb_one_core net/core/dev.c:5521 [inline] __netif_receive_skb+0x57/0x1b0 net/core/dev.c:5637 process_backlog+0x21f/0x380 net/core/dev.c:5965 __napi_poll+0x60/0x3b0 net/core/dev.c:6527 napi_poll net/core/dev.c:6594 [inline] net_rx_action+0x32b/0x750 net/core/dev.c:6727 __do_softirq+0xc1/0x265 kernel/softirq.c:553 do_softirq+0x5e/0x90 kernel/softirq.c:454 __local_bh_enable_ip+0x64/0x70 kernel/softirq.c:381 __raw_spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:167 [inline] _raw_spin_unlock_bh+0x36/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:210 spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock.h:396 [inline] batadv_tt_local_purge+0x1a8/0x1f0 net/batman-adv/translation-table.c:1356 batadv_tt_purge+0x2b/0x630 net/batman-adv/translation-table.c:3560 process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:2630 [inline] process_scheduled_works+0x5b8/0xa30 kernel/workqueue.c:2703 worker_thread+0x525/0x730 kernel/workqueue.c:2784 kthread+0x1d7/0x210 kernel/kthread.c:388 ret_from_fork+0x48/0x60 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147 ret_from_fork_asm+0x11/0x20 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:304 value changed: 0x00000000000d7190 -> 0x00000000000d7191 Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on: CPU: 0 PID: 14848 Comm: kworker/u4:11 Not tainted 6.6.0-rc1-syzkaller-00236-gad8a69f361b9 #0

View original source

05 / REFERENCES

Further evidence