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UBUNTU-CVE-2024-53171 High

UBUNTU-CVE-2024-53171

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ubifs: authentication: Fix use-after-free in ubifs_tnc_end_commit After an insertion in TNC, the tree might split and cause a node to change its `znode->parent`. A further deletion of other nodes in the tree (which also could free the nodes), the aforementioned node's `znode->cparent` could still point to a freed node. This `znode->cparent` may not be updated when getting nodes to commit in `ubifs_tnc_start_commit()`. This could then trigger a use-after-free when accessing the `znode->cparent` in `write_index()` in `ubifs_tnc_end_commit()`. This can be triggered by running rm -f /etc/test-file.bin dd if=/dev/urandom of=/etc/test-file.bin bs=1M count=60 conv=fsync in a loop, and with `CONFIG_UBIFS_FS_AUTHENTICATION`. KASAN then reports: BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in ubifs_tnc_end_commit+0xa5c/0x1950 Write of size 32 at addr ffffff800a3af86c by task ubifs_bgt0_20/153 Call trace: dump_backtrace+0x0/0x340 show_stack+0x18/0x24 dump_stack_lvl+0x9c/0xbc print_address_description.constprop.0+0x74/0x2b0 kasan_report+0x1d8/0x1f0 kasan_check_range+0xf8/0x1a0 memcpy+0x84/0xf4 ubifs_tnc_end_commit+0xa5c/0x1950 do_commit+0x4e0/0x1340 ubifs_bg_thread+0x234/0x2e0 kthread+0x36c/0x410 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Allocated by task 401: kasan_save_stack+0x38/0x70 __kasan_kmalloc+0x8c/0xd0 __kmalloc+0x34c/0x5bc tnc_insert+0x140/0x16a4 ubifs_tnc_add+0x370/0x52c ubifs_jnl_write_data+0x5d8/0x870 do_writepage+0x36c/0x510 ubifs_writepage+0x190/0x4dc __writepage+0x58/0x154 write_cache_pages+0x394/0x830 do_writepages+0x1f0/0x5b0 filemap_fdatawrite_wbc+0x170/0x25c file_write_and_wait_range+0x140/0x190 ubifs_fsync+0xe8/0x290 vfs_fsync_range+0xc0/0x1e4 do_fsync+0x40/0x90 __arm64_sys_fsync+0x34/0x50 invoke_syscall.constprop.0+0xa8/0x260 do_el0_svc+0xc8/0x1f0 el0_svc+0x34/0x70 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x108/0x114 el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 Freed by task 403: kasan_save_stack+0x38/0x70 kasan_set_track+0x28/0x40 kasan_set_free_info+0x28/0x4c __kasan_slab_free+0xd4/0x13c kfree+0xc4/0x3a0 tnc_delete+0x3f4/0xe40 ubifs_tnc_remove_range+0x368/0x73c ubifs_tnc_remove_ino+0x29c/0x2e0 ubifs_jnl_delete_inode+0x150/0x260 ubifs_evict_inode+0x1d4/0x2e4 evict+0x1c8/0x450 iput+0x2a0/0x3c4 do_unlinkat+0x2cc/0x490 __arm64_sys_unlinkat+0x90/0x100 invoke_syscall.constprop.0+0xa8/0x260 do_el0_svc+0xc8/0x1f0 el0_svc+0x34/0x70 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x108/0x114 el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 The offending `memcpy()` in `ubifs_copy_hash()` has a use-after-free when a node becomes root in TNC but still has a `cparent` to an already freed node. More specifically, consider the following TNC: zroot / / zp1 / / zn Inserting a new node `zn_new` with a key smaller then `zn` will trigger a split in `tnc_insert()` if `zp1` is full: zroot / \ / \ zp1 zp2 / \ / \ zn_new zn `zn->parent` has now been moved to `zp2`, *but* `zn->cparent` still points to `zp1`. Now, consider a removal of all the nodes _except_ `zn`. Just when `tnc_delete()` is about to delete `zroot` and `zp2`: zroot \ \ zp2 \ \ zn `zroot` and `zp2` get freed and the tree collapses: zn `zn` now becomes the new `zroot`. `get_znodes_to_commit()` will now only find `zn`, the new `zroot`, and `write_index()` will check its `znode->cparent` that wrongly points to the already freed `zp1`. `ubifs_copy_hash()` thus gets wrongly called with `znode->cparent->zbranch[znode->iip].hash` that triggers the use-after-free! Fix this by explicitly setting `znode->cparent` to `NULL` in `get_znodes_to_commit()` for the root node. The search for the dirty nodes ---truncated---

Exploit probability Not scored
Published December 27, 2024
Required by Not available
Last source change August 17, 2026

02 / AFFECTED SOFTWARE

Affected packages

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

57 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.4

89 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp

105 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux

113 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-realtime-6.8

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure

100 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-igx

15 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.8

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gkeop

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oem

50 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.0

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.8

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.2

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle

103 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-raspi

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-kvm

63 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp

24 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.8

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-fips

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.8

5 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.11

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.15

54 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.8

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15

15 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.4

91 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.8

15 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-xilinx

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

60 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe

43 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

58 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-6.5

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg-5.15

43 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-ibm

59 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

64 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.5

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-raspi2

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux

69 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-riscv

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gkeop

54 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-fips

72 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure

62 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15

55 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.5

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-lowlatency

15 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-ibm-6.8

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.8

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gke

61 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oracle

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-raspi

60 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.8

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-kvm

100 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.4

102 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.14

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke-5.15

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

20 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:16.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-raspi-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.8

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.13

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-aws

22 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.0

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-6.11

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.15

52 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iot-realtime
Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-intel-5.13

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.8

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-nvidia

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-iot

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.10

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.6

29 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.4

93 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.3

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency

66 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-raspi-5.4

87 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws

61 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws

105 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

24 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-4.15

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.3

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:24.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:24.04:LTS linux-bluefield

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.15

52 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia

46 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle

62 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-5.17

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure

20 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.8

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.2

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-ibm

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.4

63 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.0

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.15

53 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-5.19

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.11

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-ibm

70 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.11

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-raspi-realtime

20 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg

49 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.1

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:22.04:LTS linux-bluefield

36 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-realtime

20 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.4

92 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

56 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.19

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.3

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-6.2

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.15

45 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-lowlatency

25 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.15

53 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.3

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.15

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp

62 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.2

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.15

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-bluefield

64 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-allwinner-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gke

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.2

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-raspi

92 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-edge

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop

78 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.5

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.8

14 explicit affected versions

03 / CONNECTIONS

Connected vulnerabilities

related USN-7276-1
related USN-7277-1

04 / EVIDENCE

Source records

Open Source Vulnerabilities UBUNTU-CVE-2024-53171

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ubifs: authentication: Fix use-after-free in ubifs_tnc_end_commit After an insertion in TNC, the tree might split and cause a node to change its `znode->parent`. A further deletion of other nodes in the tree (which also could free the nodes), the aforementioned node's `znode->cparent` could still point to a freed node. This `znode->cparent` may not be updated when getting nodes to commit in `ubifs_tnc_start_commit()`. This could then trigger a use-after-free when accessing the `znode->cparent` in `write_index()` in `ubifs_tnc_end_commit()`. This can be triggered by running rm -f /etc/test-file.bin dd if=/dev/urandom of=/etc/test-file.bin bs=1M count=60 conv=fsync in a loop, and with `CONFIG_UBIFS_FS_AUTHENTICATION`. KASAN then reports: BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in ubifs_tnc_end_commit+0xa5c/0x1950 Write of size 32 at addr ffffff800a3af86c by task ubifs_bgt0_20/153 Call trace: dump_backtrace+0x0/0x340 show_stack+0x18/0x24 dump_stack_lvl+0x9c/0xbc print_address_description.constprop.0+0x74/0x2b0 kasan_report+0x1d8/0x1f0 kasan_check_range+0xf8/0x1a0 memcpy+0x84/0xf4 ubifs_tnc_end_commit+0xa5c/0x1950 do_commit+0x4e0/0x1340 ubifs_bg_thread+0x234/0x2e0 kthread+0x36c/0x410 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Allocated by task 401: kasan_save_stack+0x38/0x70 __kasan_kmalloc+0x8c/0xd0 __kmalloc+0x34c/0x5bc tnc_insert+0x140/0x16a4 ubifs_tnc_add+0x370/0x52c ubifs_jnl_write_data+0x5d8/0x870 do_writepage+0x36c/0x510 ubifs_writepage+0x190/0x4dc __writepage+0x58/0x154 write_cache_pages+0x394/0x830 do_writepages+0x1f0/0x5b0 filemap_fdatawrite_wbc+0x170/0x25c file_write_and_wait_range+0x140/0x190 ubifs_fsync+0xe8/0x290 vfs_fsync_range+0xc0/0x1e4 do_fsync+0x40/0x90 __arm64_sys_fsync+0x34/0x50 invoke_syscall.constprop.0+0xa8/0x260 do_el0_svc+0xc8/0x1f0 el0_svc+0x34/0x70 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x108/0x114 el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 Freed by task 403: kasan_save_stack+0x38/0x70 kasan_set_track+0x28/0x40 kasan_set_free_info+0x28/0x4c __kasan_slab_free+0xd4/0x13c kfree+0xc4/0x3a0 tnc_delete+0x3f4/0xe40 ubifs_tnc_remove_range+0x368/0x73c ubifs_tnc_remove_ino+0x29c/0x2e0 ubifs_jnl_delete_inode+0x150/0x260 ubifs_evict_inode+0x1d4/0x2e4 evict+0x1c8/0x450 iput+0x2a0/0x3c4 do_unlinkat+0x2cc/0x490 __arm64_sys_unlinkat+0x90/0x100 invoke_syscall.constprop.0+0xa8/0x260 do_el0_svc+0xc8/0x1f0 el0_svc+0x34/0x70 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x108/0x114 el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 The offending `memcpy()` in `ubifs_copy_hash()` has a use-after-free when a node becomes root in TNC but still has a `cparent` to an already freed node. More specifically, consider the following TNC: zroot / / zp1 / / zn Inserting a new node `zn_new` with a key smaller then `zn` will trigger a split in `tnc_insert()` if `zp1` is full: zroot / \ / \ zp1 zp2 / \ / \ zn_new zn `zn->parent` has now been moved to `zp2`, *but* `zn->cparent` still points to `zp1`. Now, consider a removal of all the nodes _except_ `zn`. Just when `tnc_delete()` is about to delete `zroot` and `zp2`: zroot \ \ zp2 \ \ zn `zroot` and `zp2` get freed and the tree collapses: zn `zn` now becomes the new `zroot`. `get_znodes_to_commit()` will now only find `zn`, the new `zroot`, and `write_index()` will check its `znode->cparent` that wrongly points to the already freed `zp1`. `ubifs_copy_hash()` thus gets wrongly called with `znode->cparent->zbranch[znode->iip].hash` that triggers the use-after-free! Fix this by explicitly setting `znode->cparent` to `NULL` in `get_znodes_to_commit()` for the root node. The search for the dirty nodes ---truncated---

View original source

05 / REFERENCES

Further evidence