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UBUNTU-CVE-2026-43250 Moderate

UBUNTU-CVE-2026-43250

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: usb: chipidea: udc: fix DMA and SG cleanup in _ep_nuke() The ChipIdea UDC driver can encounter "not page aligned sg buffer" errors when a USB device is reconnected after being disconnected during an active transfer. This occurs because _ep_nuke() returns requests to the gadget layer without properly unmapping DMA buffers or cleaning up scatter-gather bounce buffers. Root cause: When a disconnect happens during a multi-segment DMA transfer, the request's num_mapped_sgs field and sgt.sgl pointer remain set with stale values. The request is returned to the gadget driver with status -ESHUTDOWN but still has active DMA state. If the gadget driver reuses this request on reconnect without reinitializing it, the stale DMA state causes _hardware_enqueue() to skip DMA mapping (seeing non-zero num_mapped_sgs) and attempt to use freed/invalid DMA addresses, leading to alignment errors and potential memory corruption. The normal completion path via _hardware_dequeue() properly calls usb_gadget_unmap_request_by_dev() and sglist_do_debounce() before returning the request. The _ep_nuke() path must do the same cleanup to ensure requests are returned in a clean, reusable state. Fix: Add DMA unmapping and bounce buffer cleanup to _ep_nuke() to mirror the cleanup sequence in _hardware_dequeue(): - Call usb_gadget_unmap_request_by_dev() if num_mapped_sgs is set - Call sglist_do_debounce() with copy=false if bounce buffer exists This ensures that when requests are returned due to endpoint shutdown, they don't retain stale DMA mappings. The 'false' parameter to sglist_do_debounce() prevents copying data back (appropriate for shutdown path where transfer was aborted).

Exploit probability Not scored
Published May 6, 2026
Required by Not available
Last source change August 19, 2026

02 / AFFECTED SOFTWARE

Affected packages

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.11

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.14

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-aws

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-6.5

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:26.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:24.04:LTS linux-bluefield

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.19

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.2

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-iot

53 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-azure

116 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-ibm

89 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oem

50 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.0

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-5.15

61 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.5

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.14

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-raspi2

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux

100 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-riscv

24 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gkeop

85 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15

84 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-fips

91 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure

86 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.15

76 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.5

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-ibm-6.8

36 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.8

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gke

90 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux

191 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-raspi

84 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.8

39 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

85 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia

43 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.14

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra

50 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke-5.15

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

42 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-oracle

118 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

64 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oracle

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.4

120 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-kvm

121 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:16.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-gcp

124 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-raspi-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.8

21 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.8

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.13

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux

20 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

76 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-aws

47 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.11

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.0

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-oracle

111 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-6.11

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-azure-fde

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iot-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-intel-5.13

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.4

104 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.17

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-raspi

105 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-realtime-6.8

40 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-aws

120 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-igx

45 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.14

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-gcp

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.8

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gkeop

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe-edge

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-nvidia

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.17

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-nvidia-6.14

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.14

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iot-realtime

68 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.10

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:24.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.13

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-aws

144 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oem-5.6

29 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.4

111 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.3

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.14

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency

96 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-lowlatency

40 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.8

39 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.17

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.17

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-raspi-5.4

100 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws

92 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

55 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gke-4.15

33 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv

23 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-hwe

167 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.15

60 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.3

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:24.04:LTS linux-fips

19 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux

188 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:24.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-6.14

5 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.11

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-realtime-6.17

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.8

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.2

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-azure

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-gcp

138 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:16.04:LTS linux-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-6.14

5 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia

77 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-kvm

132 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oracle

93 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-lts-xenial

165 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux

154 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-5.17

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure

39 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg-5.15

69 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.8

35 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-raspi

46 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-aws-6.14

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-aws-6.17

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-6.2

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-ibm

45 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-aws

139 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-ibm-5.4

78 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.0

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-kvm

91 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp

49 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-aws-hwe

116 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-azure-fde-5.19

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux

132 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gke

51 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-4.15

93 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gcp-6.11

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

2 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-riscv

15 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-oracle

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-azure-4.15

92 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.11

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-raspi-realtime

41 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.15

71 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-intel-iotg

80 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.17

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-oem-6.1

27 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Nvidia-BlueField:22.04:LTS linux-bluefield

66 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-oracle

121 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:18.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-fips

98 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.8

42 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:22.04:LTS linux-fips

55 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.8

5 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.2

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-realtime

45 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.4

110 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fips

72 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-5.19

7 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS linux-azure

140 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

94 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.8

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.13

12 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:24.04:LTS linux-realtime-6.14

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15

39 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS linux-aws-5.4

108 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-bluefield

80 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp

56 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.3

9 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-5.3

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-starfive-6.2

3 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.11

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

26 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.15

45 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gkeop-5.4

37 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-lowlatency

49 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.5

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-gcp

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-riscv-6.8

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-xilinx

17 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-raspi

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-gcp

92 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-fde

6 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS:16.04:LTS linux-fips

97 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:14.04:LTS linux-azure

121 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-5.8

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-riscv-5.15

81 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-azure-6.17

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-preview:22.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:Realtime:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

91 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-hwe-5.15

80 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-aws-5.15

79 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-hwe-6.5

13 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-hwe

43 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:20.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

77 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-oem-6.17

16 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-kvm

119 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-5.19

10 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-allwinner-5.19

8 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:24.04:LTS linux-gke

44 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-ibm

88 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.2

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:18.04:LTS linux-azure-edge

4 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:20.04:LTS linux-gkeop

78 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:25.10 linux-realtime

14 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-nvidia-6.5

11 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-realtime

1 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:18.04:LTS linux-gcp-fips

69 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-aws

123 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:FIPS-updates:24.04:LTS linux-aws-fips

18 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:22.04:LTS linux-aws-6.8

38 explicit affected versions

Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS linux-oracle-5.15

80 explicit affected versions

03 / CONNECTIONS

Connected vulnerabilities

related USN-8609-1

04 / EVIDENCE

Source records

Open Source Vulnerabilities UBUNTU-CVE-2026-43250

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: usb: chipidea: udc: fix DMA and SG cleanup in _ep_nuke() The ChipIdea UDC driver can encounter "not page aligned sg buffer" errors when a USB device is reconnected after being disconnected during an active transfer. This occurs because _ep_nuke() returns requests to the gadget layer without properly unmapping DMA buffers or cleaning up scatter-gather bounce buffers. Root cause: When a disconnect happens during a multi-segment DMA transfer, the request's num_mapped_sgs field and sgt.sgl pointer remain set with stale values. The request is returned to the gadget driver with status -ESHUTDOWN but still has active DMA state. If the gadget driver reuses this request on reconnect without reinitializing it, the stale DMA state causes _hardware_enqueue() to skip DMA mapping (seeing non-zero num_mapped_sgs) and attempt to use freed/invalid DMA addresses, leading to alignment errors and potential memory corruption. The normal completion path via _hardware_dequeue() properly calls usb_gadget_unmap_request_by_dev() and sglist_do_debounce() before returning the request. The _ep_nuke() path must do the same cleanup to ensure requests are returned in a clean, reusable state. Fix: Add DMA unmapping and bounce buffer cleanup to _ep_nuke() to mirror the cleanup sequence in _hardware_dequeue(): - Call usb_gadget_unmap_request_by_dev() if num_mapped_sgs is set - Call sglist_do_debounce() with copy=false if bounce buffer exists This ensures that when requests are returned due to endpoint shutdown, they don't retain stale DMA mappings. The 'false' parameter to sglist_do_debounce() prevents copying data back (appropriate for shutdown path where transfer was aborted).

View original source

05 / REFERENCES

Further evidence